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The fuel of the Radiant Network is RXD

Onchain

Native Asset Indexing

Induction Proofs

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Performance

Ultra Fast Transactions

4,000 TPS

Low fees to do more

Functionality

Build on Radiant today

Smart Contracts

Creator and dev friendly

Scalability

Future-Proof Design

Highly Scalable

Grows with demand

Radiant Blockchain

Decentralized P2P Digital Asset System and PoW UTXO Network for everyone

Radiant RXD

21 billion coins

Total maximum supply

Photons

100 million

Sub units per RXD coin

PoW Consensus

Layer 1 blockchain

UTXO + Account based

Induction Proofs

Onchain indexing

Native validation of assets

Low fees. High tps

4,000 TX per sec

Designed for 500k+ TPS

Block Time

5 mins (300 secs)

Instant txns with 0-confs

Mining Algorithm

SHA512/256d

GPU/FPGA/ASIC

Smart Contracts

Turing Complete

Extensive Opcodes

Highly Scalable

System design

Multiple Node types

Block Size

256mb initial

Designed to achieve 10gb

Genesis Block

20 June 2022

Fair launch. No pre-mine

Halving Schedule

Every 2 years

50k RXD per block start

Ecosystem

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Tangem

Cold hardware wallet for RXD

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0.1 RXD per IP to get you started

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Radiant System Design Paper

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Run a Radiant Full Node

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Radiant Blockchain FAQs

Radiant Node Releases

Radiant Genesis Block

Radiant was created by a starting group of miners to begin bootstrapping the blockchain at 2022-06-20 02:42 UTC. All coins were mined from block height 0 with Proof-of-Work.

There is no initial allocation to the project. All coins were mined independently to set the Radiant Blockchain in motion and are owned by no single entity.

View Genesis Block 0

Radiant Node v1.1.3 (Primary) notes

Radiant Node v1.2.0 (Zeus)

Release changes at block height 62000:

  • Added convenience Opcodes for accessing references in all inputs/outputs
  • Added OP_STATESEPARATOR and related Opcodes to segregate scripts and state
  • Added singleton like reference type
  • Misc bug fixes
  • Updated nomenclature to use "PHOTONS" instead of "SATOSHIS". 1 Radiant = 100,000,000 photons (PHO)

View Block 62000

Radiant Node v1.2.0 (Zeus) notes

Radiant Node v1.3.0 (Energy)

Release changes at block height 214555:

List of new Opcodes:

  • <value> OP_PUSH_TX_STATE
  • 0: Current transaction id
  • Total input photons spent
  • Total output photons

Additional bug fixes and improvements:

  • Correctly validate the OP_DISALLOWPUSHINPUTREF is treated correctly
  • Fix build error on Arch linux
  • Fix build error for GCC 13

View Block 214555

Radiant Node v1.3.0 (Energy) notes

Radiant's Induction Proof System FAQs

Pay to Ref

Pay to ref is a powerful new script built using Radiant's unique induction proof system. This script provides a way of composing contracts from multiple outputs, introducing efficiencies and flexibility previously very difficult on UTXO based blockchains.

 OP_REFTYPE_UTXO OP_0 OP_NUMNOTEQUAL

The above script uses OP_REFTYPE_UTXO to take a given ref from the stack and return the type of any ref found in the transaction's inputs. If the returned value is not equal to zero then we know the ref has been found in the inputs. We can check for any ref type or a specific type.

OP_REFTYPE_UTXO returns one of the following:

  • 0 - Ref not found in inputs
  • 1 - Ref found in inputs, of normal type
  • 2 - Ref found in inputs, of singleton type

Composing contracts from multiple UTXOs

This script can be used to break a contract up into multiple parts. For example a complex NFT contract, split into a token contract and ownership contract:

UTXO for contract functions

 // Contract functions
 // function 1...
 // function 2...
 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <ref1> OP_DROP
 <ref2> OP_REFTYPE_UTXO OP_2 OP_NUMEQUAL

UTXO for token ownership/control

 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <ref2> OP_DROP
 OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG

The above contract is composed of two outputs. A singleton ref has been assigned to each output. The first UTXO can only be spent if the second "control" UTXO is also an input.

We can now handle token transfers using only the P2PKH output and not have to touch the rest of the contract. Since the token contract doesn't contain the P2PKH script, only a pay to ref, it is automatically carried forward with the transfer. For wallets to support transfers of this token, they only need to handle a simple singleton + P2PKH script and not be concerned with custom functionality or parsing custom contract templates.

Diagram: Transferring control of a token contract

Diagram: Transferring control of a token contract

The two singletons are best created as a contiguous set, so if any script needs to read from another part of the contract, it can check for the existence of a ref within its own set to verify the authenticity of the input. This also makes it easy for wallets to find all parts of the contract.

In this example we have only used two outputs, but this can be extended to compose contracts from three or more outputs.

Upgrading contracts

Another powerful use case is to extend a contract's functionality by permitting the UTXO to be spent alongside one of a range of refs. These contract extensions can be defined at a later date, providing a way of upgrading contracts or adding new functionality.

The developer must plan this in advance, by keeping some refs in reserve, coded into the contract so they can be deployed and distributed to users later.

For example, a contract that allows locking conditions to be delegated to an input containing any ref from a specific transaction hash. The ref index is provided as a parameter in the unlocking script:

 <extensionTxId> OP_SWAP OP_CAT OP_REFTYPE_UTXO OP_0 OP_NUMNOTEQUAL

The above script takes a ref index from the unlocking script, appends to the transaction ID to construct the ref and checks if the ref exists in an input.

Care must be taken to ensure the user remains in control of their coins and complete control is not given over to the developer. Requiring the owner's signature will ensure the developer cannot spend the coins.

Radiant Opcodes

The Radiant blockchain introduces a set of opcodes that significantly improves on the capability of the Bitcoin technology it's based on. All these opcodes are outlined below:

Terms

  • Ref: A 36 byte reference, either of normal or singleton type. A reference is created from an input's outpoint and can be propagated with every spend of a UTXO. For a ref to exist in an output there must be a matching input ref of the same type or an input with a matching outpoint. The ref type cannot be changed once it is created.
  • Normal ref: A type of reference that can be propagated to one or more outputs.
  • Singleton ref: A type of reference that can only ever exist in a single UTXO. Cannot be propagated to multiple outputs.
  • State script: The part of the script before and not including an OP_STATESEPARATOR. Useful for storing state data that can be changed by the contract.
  • Code script The part of the script from and including an OP_STATESEPARATOR. If no state separator is present, the code script is the entire script.
  • codeScriptHash: The double SHA-256 of the code script.

Hash Functions

SHA-512/256 is the hash function used by Radiant's proof of work algorithm. It is available in script as single and double hash functions. These can be used to validate Radiant block headers in script.

Opcode Hex Input Output Description

OP_SHA512_256

ce bytes hash SHA-512/256

OP_HASH512_256

cf bytes hash Double SHA-512/256

Induction Opcodes

Opcode Hex Input Output Description

OP_PUSHINPUTREF

d0 ref ref Propagates a ref to an output. A ref of normal type must exist in an input or an input must have an outpoint matching the ref. Ref will be left on the stack.

OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON

d8 ref ref Propagates a singleton ref to an output. A ref of singleton type must exist in an input or an input must have an outpoint matching the ref. Ref will be left on the stack.

OP_REQUIREINPUTREF

d1 ref ref A ref of normal type must exist in an input. Ref is not propagated. Ref will be left on the stack.

OP_DISALLOWPUSHINPUTREF

d2 ref ref Requires a ref to not exist in any input. Leaves the ref on the stack.

OP_DISALLOWPUSHINPUTREFSIBLING

d3 ref ref Requires a ref to not exist in any input sibling. Leaves the ref on the stack.

OP_REFTYPE_UTXO

d9 ref type Get the type of a ref from transaction inputs. Returns 0 (not found), 1 (normal type) or 2 (singleton type).

OP_REFTYPE_OUTPUT

da ref type Get the type of a ref from transaction outputs. Returns 0 (not found), 1 (normal type) or 2 (singleton type).

OP_REFHASHDATASUMMARY_UTXO

d4 inputIndex summary For the input of the given index returns a hash256 of <nValue><hash256(scriptPubKey)><numRefs><hash(sortedMap(pushRefs))>

OP_REFHASHDATASUMMARY_OUTPUT

d6 outputIndex summary For the output of the given index returns a hash256 of <nValue><hash256(scriptPubKey)><numRefs><hash(sortedMap(pushRefs))>

OP_REFDATASUMMARY_UTXO

e1 inputIndex summary Return refs used within an input. Pushes a vector of the form <ref1><ref2><ref3>.... If an input UTXO does not contain at least one reference, then the 36 byte zeroes are pushed.

OP_REFDATASUMMARY_OUTPUT

e2 outputIndex summary Return refs used within an output. Pushes a vector of the form <ref1><ref2><ref3>.... If an input UTXO does not contain at least one reference, then the 36 byte zeroes are pushed.

State/code Script Opcodes

Opcode Hex Input Output Description

OP_STATESEPARATOR

bd Separates the state script from the code script. Only one can exist in a script and it must not exist within an OP_IF. No OP_RETURN can exist in the script when used.

OP_STATESEPARATORINDEX_UTXO

be inputIndex separatorIndex Returns the byte index of the state separator for an input. Returns zero if no separator exists.

OP_STATESEPARATORINDEX_OUTPUT

bf outputIndex separatorIndex Returns the byte index of the state separator for an output. Returns zero if no separator exists.

OP_CODESCRIPTBYTECODE_UTXO

e9 inputIndex bytecode Returns the code script bytecode for an input.

OP_CODESCRIPTBYTECODE_OUTPUT

ea outputIndex bytecode Returns the code script bytecode for an output.

OP_STATESCRIPTBYTECODE_UTXO

eb inputIndex bytecode Returns the state script bytecode for an output. Does not include the OP_STATESEPARATOR.

OP_STATESCRIPTBYTECODE_OUTPUT

ec outputIndex bytecode Returns the state script bytecode for an output. Does not include the OP_STATESEPARATOR.

Count and Sum Opcodes

These opcodes provide a set queries on inputs and outputs by ref, ref hash and code script hash. Counts and sums can be performed over many outputs with a single opcode, meaning an unrolled loop in the script is not required.

Opcode Hex Input Output Description

OP_REFHASHVALUESUM_UTXOS

d5 refHash photons Returns the total sum of photons for inputs that match a 32 byte hash of the sorted set of ref asset ids.

OP_REFHASHVALUESUM_OUTPUTS

d7 refHash photons Returns the total sum of photons for outputs that match a 32 byte hash of the sorted set of ref asset ids.

OP_REFVALUESUM_UTXOS

db ref photons Returns the total sum of photons for inputs that contain a ref.

OP_REFVALUESUM_OUTPUTS

dc ref photons Returns the total sum of photons for outputs that contain a ref.

OP_REFOUTPUTCOUNT_UTXOS

dd ref count Returns the count of inputs that contain a ref.

OP_REFOUTPUTCOUNT_OUTPUTS

de ref count Returns the count of outputs that contain a ref.

OP_REFOUTPUTCOUNTZEROVALUED_UTXOS

df ref count Returns the count of inputs that contain a ref and contain zero photons.

OP_REFOUTPUTCOUNTZEROVALUED_OUTPUTS

e0 ref count Returns the count of inputs that contain a ref and contain zero photons.

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHVALUESUM_UTXOS

e3 codeScriptHash photons Returns the total sum of photons for inputs that have a codeScriptHash

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHVALUESUM_OUTPUTS

e4 codeScriptHash photons Returns the total sum of photons for outputs that have a codeScriptHash

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHOUTPUTCOUNT_UTXOS

e5 codeScriptHash count Returns the count of inputs that have a codeScriptHash

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHOUTPUTCOUNT_OUTPUTS

e6 codeScriptHash count Returns the count of outputs that have a codeScriptHash

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHZEROVALUEDOUTPUTCOUNT_UTXOS

e7 codeScriptHash count Returns the count of inputs that have a codeScriptHash and contain zero photons.

OP_CODESCRIPTHASHZEROVALUEDOUTPUTCOUNT_OUTPUTS

e8 codeScriptHash count Returns the count of outputs that have a codeScriptHash and contain zero photons.

NFTs on Radiant

Radiant's singleton references are ideal for the creation of NFTs. A singleton ref is a type of reference which can only ever exist in a single UTXO. A transaction is invalid if a singleton ref is pushed to more than one output. References cannot change type, so a singleton ref must be created as a singleton. Therefore we can be sure that there has only ever been one instance of a singleton ref.

The opcode for pushing a singleton ref is OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON.

A simple NFT contract

We will define a contract for an immutable NFT by adding a singleton ref to a standard P2PKH script:

 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <ref> OP_DROP
 OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG

Following Radiant's ref rules, the ref must match an outpoint or a ref of the same type in an input. If the ref matches an outpoint then this is the "mint" transaction. OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON leaves the ref on the stack, and since we don't need it later in the script it is immediately dropped.

Diagram: Mint and transfer of an NFT, followed by an invalid transaction

Diagram: Mint and transfer of an NFT, followed by an invalid transaction

As seen in the diagram above, an outpoint in the first transaction is used to create a singleton ref. The referenced output also contains an "immutable token payload" which can be stored as a push data. This is a simple way of associating data with our token, where the token data can be fetched from the referenced output. The payload could be an image or more complex data structure. Token UTXOs are kept light weight by not carrying the payload.

This token protocol can be used for a wide variety of use cases such as tickets, coupons and collectibles. Wallet integration is simple since the script only requires a singleton ref in addition to a standard P2PKH script.

Melting a token

Melting a token only requires that the token be spent and the singleton ref not pushed forward. Once the singleton does not exist in a UTXO it cannot be recreated.

Conclusion

Singleton refs are a simple yet effective way of creating an NFT protocol. We have demonstrated how a token protocol can be created with only a small change to a standard P2PKH script. In future articles we will explore how to extend this contract to support mutable data.

Pay to Token

Token-controlled contracts revolutionize contract composition and management on Radiant, facilitating the separation of contracts into multiple UTXOs, each with distinct functionalities. With token ownership housed in its UTXO and additional UTXOs for data storage and specialized functionalities, developers can seamlessly integrate custom functionalities with standard token scripts, extending contract capabilities effortlessly.

 OP_REFTYPE_UTXO OP_0 OP_NUMNOTEQUAL

Script Details

Token Input

A standard singleton + P2PKH token script:

 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <tokenRef> OP_DROP <p2pkh>

Token Output

The token output features a state script binding it to the contract input using OP_REQUIREINPUTREF, followed by the contract's script signature hash:

 OP_REQUIREINPUTREF <contractRef>
 <contractScriptSigHash> OP_2DROP // Hash256 of contract's script sig
 OP_STATESEPARATOR
 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <tokenRef> OP_DROP <p2pkh> // Standard token script

Script Sig

 <hashIndex> // Position of ref + hash in token output
 <refIndex> // Index of ref in token output data summary
 <outputIndex> // Output index of token

Script Pub Key

 // Contract ref
 OP_PUSHINPUTREFSINGLETON <contractRef> OP_DROP
 // Check token ref exists in the token output
 OP_DUP OP_ROT OP_REFDATASUMMARY_OUTPUT OP_SWAP 36 OP_MUL OP_SPLIT OP_NIP 32 OP_SPLIT OP_DROP <tokenRef> OP_DUP OP_ROT OP_EQUALVERIFY
 // Get ref + hash in token output script
 OP_ROT OP_STATESCRIPTBYTECODE_OUTPUT OP_SWAP OP_SPLIT OP_NIP 69 OP_SPLIT OP_DROP
 // Compare ref + hash in token output to ref + hash of this script's unlocking code
 OP_SWAP 32 OP_INPUTINDEX OP_INPUTBYTECODE OP_HASH256 OP_CAT OP_CAT OP_EQUALVERIFY
 // Propagate the contract
 OP_INPUTINDEX OP_CODESCRIPTBYTECODE_UTXO OP_HASH256 OP_CODESCRIPTHASHOUTPUTCOUNT_OUTPUTS 1 OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY
 //
 // Contract code...
 //

This script empowers complex contracts composed of multiple UTXOs, each with unique responsibilities. Token scripts maintain standard scripts easily understood by wallets but can be associated with custom contracts. Pay to token contracts can be deployed at any time to expand token functionality.

Advantages

  • Enhanced Functionality: Contracts can be extended with custom functionalities effortlessly.
  • Streamlined Updates: Token transfers and data updates are segregated, simplifying history tracking.
  • Reduced Load: Wallets can focus on relevant transaction histories, improving efficiency.
  • This script can be used to break a contract up into multiple parts. For example a complex NFT contract, split into a token contract and ownership contract:

Token-controlled contracts pave the way for more flexible and manageable blockchain contracts, fostering innovation and scalability in decentralized applications.

Radiant Halving Countdown

2nd RXD halving from 25k to 12.5k per block is estimated for early-mid April 2026

Radiant RXD Emission Schedule

Radiant began in 2022 with 50,000 RXD emitted per block, halving every 2 years, with a maximum supply of 21 billion RXD.

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